Unterschiede

Hier werden die Unterschiede zwischen zwei Versionen angezeigt.

--- genetik:haarfarbe_tyr [2026/07/28 07:04] – [Geschichte] kathrin
+++ genetik:haarfarbe_tyr [2026/08/28 09:32] (aktuell) – [Haarfarbe - TYR (Color/ Albino)] kathrin
@@ Zeile 15: / Zeile 15: @@
 ^Symbol^Variante/ Mutation(en)|^Funktion/ Mechanismus^Phänotyp^Rassen^
 ^deutsch (englisch) ^DNA^Protein^::: ^::: ^::: ^
-|A (//C//) |Wildtyp |Enzym bestehend aus 530 Aminosäuren((Aigner, B., Besenfelder, U., Müller, M., & Brem, G. 2000. Tyrosinase gene variants in different rabbit strains. Mammalian Genome, 11(8).)) |Schlüsselenzym in der [[physiologie:fellhaarfarbe#Melanogenese|Melanin-Synthese]]; in den Melanozyten exprimiert |Normale Farbausprägung, dunkle Augen (Iris und Netzhaut normal pigmentiert)| |
+|A (//C//) |Wildtyp |Transmembran-Glykoprotein/ Enzym, bestehend aus 530 Aminosäuren((Aigner, B., Besenfelder, U., Müller, M., & Brem, G. 2000. Tyrosinase gene variants in different rabbit strains. Mammalian Genome, 11(8).)) |Schlüsselenzym in der [[physiologie:fellhaarfarbe#Melanogenese|Melanin-Synthese]]; in den [[physiologie:melanozyten|Melanozyten]] exprimiert, Zielort: Melanosomenmembran |Normale Farbausprägung, dunkle Augen (Iris und Netzhaut normal pigmentiert)| |
 |a<sup>chi</sup> (//c<sup>chd</sup>//)* |c.881A>G und c.1073C>T((Aigner, B., Besenfelder, U., Müller, M., & Brem, G. 2000. Tyrosinase gene variants in different rabbit strains. Mammalian Genome, 11(8).))((Utzeri, V. J., Ribani, A., Schiavo, G., & Fontanesi, L. 2021. Describing variability in the tyrosinase (TYR) gene, the albino coat colour locus, in domestic and wild European rabbits. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 20(1), 181-187.)) |p.E294G und p.T358I, zentral gelegen zwischen der CuA- und der CuB-Bindungsregion des TYR-Enzyms((Aigner, B., Besenfelder, U., Müller, M., & Brem, G. 2000. Tyrosinase gene variants in different rabbit strains. Mammalian Genome, 11(8).))((Utzeri, V. J., Ribani, A., Schiavo, G., & Fontanesi, L. 2021. Describing variability in the tyrosinase (TYR) gene, the albino coat colour locus, in domestic and wild European rabbits. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 20(1), 181-187.)) |Eumelanin unbeeinflusst, Phäomelanin stark reduziert |Chinchillafarbig dunkel, dunkle Augen |Chinchilla (Österreich((Aigner, B., Besenfelder, U., Müller, M., & Brem, G. 2000. Tyrosinase gene variants in different rabbit strains. Mammalian Genome, 11(8).))/ ANCI, Italien((Utzeri, V. J., Ribani, A., Schiavo, G., & Fontanesi, L. 2021. Describing variability in the tyrosinase (TYR) gene, the albino coat colour locus, in domestic and wild European rabbits. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 20(1), 181-187.))) |
 |a<sup>d</sup> (//c<sup>chm</sup>//)* | | |Eumelanin reduziert, Phäomelanin vollständig reduziert |Chinchillafarbig mittel (sepiafarbig; temperatursensitive Ausprägung), rötlich-schwarze Augen | |
 |a<sup>m</sup> (//c<sup>chl</sup>//)* | |(R422Q((Peist, I., & Migdał, Ł. 2023. Sable rabbits - phenotypic characteristics and history of breeds development. Rocz. Nauk. Zoot., Vol. 50, no. 1.))?) |Eumelanin weiter reduziert |Marderfarbig (chinchillafarbig hell/ sepiafarbig; temperatursensitive Ausprägung), rötliche Augen;\\ Typmarder: am/an oder am/a | |
 |a<sup>n</sup> (//c<sup>h</sup>//) |c.881A>G((Aigner, B., Besenfelder, U., Müller, M., & Brem, G. 2000. Tyrosinase gene variants in different rabbit strains. Mammalian Genome, 11(8).))((Jiang, Y. L., Fan, X. Z., Lu, Z. X., Tang, H., Xu, J. Q., & Du, L. X. 2002. Detection of 881A→ 881G mutation in tyrosinase gene and associations with the Black ear Coat Color in rabbits. Asian-australasian journal of animal sciences, 15(10), 1395-1397.))((Utzeri, V. J., Ribani, A., Schiavo, G., & Fontanesi, L. 2021. Describing variability in the tyrosinase (TYR) gene, the albino coat colour locus, in domestic and wild European rabbits. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 20(1), 181-187.)) |p.E294G, zentral gelegen zwischen der CuA- und der CuB-Bindungsregion des TYR-Enzyms((Aigner, B., Besenfelder, U., Müller, M., & Brem, G. 2000. Tyrosinase gene variants in different rabbit strains. Mammalian Genome, 11(8).))((Utzeri, V. J., Ribani, A., Schiavo, G., & Fontanesi, L. 2021. Describing variability in the tyrosinase (TYR) gene, the albino coat colour locus, in domestic and wild European rabbits. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 20(1), 181-187.)) |TYR-Enzym in warmen Körperregionen inaktiv, keine Phäomelanin-Synthese |Russenfarbig, d.h. ausschließliche Pigmentierung der Extremitäten (stark temperatursensitive Ausprägung), rötliche/ rosarote Augen;\\ zur variablen Ausprägung der Russenfarbe können zusätzliche Variation am TYR-Lokus oder [[physiologie:fellhaarfarbe#Epistatische Wechselwirkungen|epistatische Wechselwirkungen]] beitragen((Demars, J., Labrune, Y., Iannuccelli, N., Deshayes, A., Leroux, S., Gilbert, H., ... & Riquet, J. 2022. A genome-wide epistatic network underlies the molecular architecture of continuous color variation of body extremities. Genomics, 114(3), 110361.)) |Kalifornier (Österreich((Aigner, B., Besenfelder, U., Müller, M., & Brem, G. 2000. Tyrosinase gene variants in different rabbit strains. Mammalian Genome, 11(8).))/ ANCI, Italien((Utzeri, V. J., Ribani, A., Schiavo, G., & Fontanesi, L. 2021. Describing variability in the tyrosinase (TYR) gene, the albino coat colour locus, in domestic and wild European rabbits. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 20(1), 181-187.))/ INRA, Frankreich((Demars, J., Labrune, Y., Iannuccelli, N., Deshayes, A., Leroux, S., Gilbert, H., ... & Riquet, J. 2022. A genome-wide epistatic network underlies the molecular architecture of continuous color variation of body extremities. Genomics, 114(3), 110361.)));\\ //Yipulu "eight black"// u. //“black ear” wool rabbit strain// mit schwarzen Ohren u. Nase (China((Jiang, Y. L., Fan, X. Z., Lu, Z. X., Tang, H., Xu, J. Q., & Du, L. X. 2002. Detection of 881A→ 881G mutation in tyrosinase gene and associations with the Black ear Coat Color in rabbits. Asian-australasian journal of animal sciences, 15(10), 1395-1397.))) |
-|a (//c//) |c.1118C>A((Aigner, B., Besenfelder, U., Müller, M., & Brem, G. 2000. Tyrosinase gene variants in different rabbit strains. Mammalian Genome, 11(8).))((Utzeri, V. J., Ribani, A., Schiavo, G., & Fontanesi, L. 2021. Describing variability in the tyrosinase (TYR) gene, the albino coat colour locus, in domestic and wild European rabbits. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 20(1), 181-187.)) |p.T373K, in der CuB-Bindungsregion des TYR-Enzyms((Aigner, B., Besenfelder, U., Müller, M., & Brem, G. 2000. Tyrosinase gene variants in different rabbit strains. Mammalian Genome, 11(8).))((Utzeri, V. J., Ribani, A., Schiavo, G., & Fontanesi, L. 2021. Describing variability in the tyrosinase (TYR) gene, the albino coat colour locus, in domestic and wild European rabbits. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 20(1), 181-187.)) |Vollständiger Verlust der katalytischen Aktivität des TYR-Enzyms((Song, Y., Zhang, Y., Chen, M., Deng, J., Sui, T., Lai, L., & Li, Z. 2018. Functional validation of the albinism-associated tyrosinase T373K SNP by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated homology-directed repair (HDR) in rabbits. EBioMedicine, 36, 517-525.)), keine Melanin-Synthese |Albino, rötliche/ rosarote Augen\\ (Okulokutaner Albinismus, d.h. Haut, Haare und Augen betreffend) |Weiße Neuseeländer (Österreich((Aigner, B., Besenfelder, U., Müller, M., & Brem, G. 2000. Tyrosinase gene variants in different rabbit strains. Mammalian Genome, 11(8).))/ ANCI, Italien((Utzeri, V. J., Ribani, A., Schiavo, G., & Fontanesi, L. 2021. Describing variability in the tyrosinase (TYR) gene, the albino coat colour locus, in domestic and wild European rabbits. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 20(1), 181-187.))) |
+|a (//c//) |c.1118C>A((Aigner, B., Besenfelder, U., Müller, M., & Brem, G. 2000. Tyrosinase gene variants in different rabbit strains. Mammalian Genome, 11(8).))((Utzeri, V. J., Ribani, A., Schiavo, G., & Fontanesi, L. 2021. Describing variability in the tyrosinase (TYR) gene, the albino coat colour locus, in domestic and wild European rabbits. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 20(1), 181-187.)) |p.T373K, in der CuB-Bindungsregion des TYR-Enzyms((Aigner, B., Besenfelder, U., Müller, M., & Brem, G. 2000. Tyrosinase gene variants in different rabbit strains. Mammalian Genome, 11(8).))((Utzeri, V. J., Ribani, A., Schiavo, G., & Fontanesi, L. 2021. Describing variability in the tyrosinase (TYR) gene, the albino coat colour locus, in domestic and wild European rabbits. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 20(1), 181-187.)) |Vollständiger Verlust der katalytischen Aktivität des TYR-Enzyms, keine Melanin-Synthese((Song, Y., Zhang, Y., Chen, M., Deng, J., Sui, T., Lai, L., & Li, Z. 2018. Functional validation of the albinism-associated tyrosinase T373K SNP by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated homology-directed repair (HDR) in rabbits. EBioMedicine, 36, 517-525.))((Ibrahim, N., & Eldesoky, S. M. (2026). Sequential Development of Albino Rabbit Iris During Fetal and Postnatal Life: Histological, Ultrastructural, and Immunohistochemical Investigations. Microscopy and Microanalysis, 32(2), ozag015.)) |Albino, rötliche/ rosarote Augen\\ (Okulokutaner Albinismus, d.h. Haut, Haare und Augen betreffend) |Weiße Neuseeländer (Österreich((Aigner, B., Besenfelder, U., Müller, M., & Brem, G. 2000. Tyrosinase gene variants in different rabbit strains. Mammalian Genome, 11(8).))/ ANCI, Italien((Utzeri, V. J., Ribani, A., Schiavo, G., & Fontanesi, L. 2021. Describing variability in the tyrosinase (TYR) gene, the albino coat colour locus, in domestic and wild European rabbits. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 20(1), 181-187.))) |
 *: Bisher wurde nur ein Chinchilla-Allel molekulargenetisch identifiziert, und es ist noch unklar, wie dieses mit den drei Chinchilla-Allelen (//c<sup>chd</sup>//, //c<sup>chm</sup>//, //c<sup>chl</sup>//), die von Robinson, 1958((Robinson, R. 1958. Genetic studies of the rabbit. Bibl. Genet. 1958, 17, 229–558.))(S. 238) beschrieben wurden, zusammenhängt (siehe auch [[haarfarbe_nomenklatur#Chinchillafarben|Chinchillafarben]]).
@@ Zeile 59: / Zeile 59: @@
 ==== Zur Vererbung ====
-In seinem Brief an C. Wren vom 16. Juli 1683 zeigte A. van Leeuwenhoek, dass er sich der Dominanz der Wildfarbigkeit (A/_, G/_) gegenüber Albinismus (a/a) sowie Nicht-Wildfarbigkeit (g/g) durchaus schon bewusst war: //"In order to cause these white rabbits to have grey young, […] they mate a grey buck with the white does. This grey buck […] is mated not only with white, but also with piebald, bleu and black does, and all the young issuing from this, take their father's grey colour; and, indeed, it has never been seen that any such young rabbit had a single white hair or any other hair than grey."//((Leeuwenhoek, A. van 1663. Alle de brieven. Deel 4: 1683-1684. N.V. Swets & Zeitlinger, Amsterdam 1952. Digitale Bibliotheek voor de Nederlandse Letteren.))(S. 69-71) \\
+In seinem Brief an C. Wren vom 16. Juli 1683 zeigte A. van Leeuwenhoek, dass er sich der Dominanz der Wildfarbigkeit (A/_, G/_) gegenüber Albinismus (a/a) sowie Nicht-Wildfarbigkeit (g/g) durchaus schon bewusst war: //"In order to cause these white rabbits to have grey young, […] they mate a grey buck with the white does. This grey buck […] is mated not only with white, but also with piebald, bleu and black does, and all the young issuing from this, take their father's grey colour; and, indeed, it has never been seen that any such young rabbit had a single white hair or any other hair than grey."//.((Leeuwenhoek, A. van 1663. Alle de brieven. Deel 4: 1683-1684. N.V. Swets & Zeitlinger, Amsterdam 1952. Digitale Bibliotheek voor de Nederlandse Letteren.))(S. 69-71) \\
 Aber erst nach der Wiederentdeckung der [[historische_meilensteine|Mendelschen Vererbungsregeln]] um 1900 wurde dieses Wissen zielgerichtet genutzt.
 So berichtete der Genetiker W. E. Castle (1903)((Castle, W. E. 1903. Note on Mr. Farabee's observations. Science, 17(419), 75-76.)) im Rahmen von ersten, klassischen Zuchtexperimenten über einen rezessiven Vererbungsmodus des Albinismus:
-//"During the last few months I have been able to demonstrate experimentally that albinism is a recessive character in rabbits."//
+//"During the last few months I have been able to demonstrate experimentally that albinism is a recessive character in rabbits."//.
-//"Castle showed in 1905 that the pure white type of albino rabbit is allelomorphic to the Himalayan type with pigmented extremities, and Sturtevant (1913)((Sturtevant, A. H. (1913). The Himalayan rabbit case, with some considerations on multiple allelomorphs. The American Naturalist , 47 (556), 234-239.)) used this case as an argument in favor of the view that a unit character can have more than two allelomorphic forms (dominant and recessive), since full color, complete albinism and Himalayan albinism form a series of triple allelomorphs."//((Sawin, P.B. (1932). Albino allelomorphs of the rabbit with special reference to blue-eyed chinchilla and its variations. In: Contributions to the genetics of the domestic rabbit. Carn. lnst. Wash. 427. Online, https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/320584));\\ siehe auch Castle //et al//., 1909((Castle, W. E., Walter, H. E., Mullenix, R. C., & Cobb, S. 1909. Studies of inheritance in rabbits. Carnegie Institution of Washington. Publication no. 114.)) (Vollpigmentiert, russenfarbig, albino)
+//"Castle showed in 1905 that the pure white type of albino rabbit is allelomorphic to the Himalayan type with pigmented extremities, and Sturtevant (1913)((Sturtevant, A. H. (1913). The Himalayan rabbit case, with some considerations on multiple allelomorphs. The American Naturalist , 47 (556), 234-239.)) used this case as an argument in favor of the view that a unit character can have more than two allelomorphic forms (dominant and recessive), since full color, complete albinism and Himalayan albinism form a series of triple allelomorphs."//((Sawin, P.B. (1932). Albino allelomorphs of the rabbit with special reference to blue-eyed chinchilla and its variations. In: Contributions to the genetics of the domestic rabbit. Carn. lnst. Wash. 427. Online, https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/320584));\\ siehe auch Castle //et al//., 1909((Castle, W. E., Walter, H. E., Mullenix, R. C., & Cobb, S. 1909. Studies of inheritance in rabbits. Carnegie Institution of Washington. Publication no. 114.)) (Vollpigmentiert, russenfarbig, albino).
 //"Den Nachweis, daß das Chinchilla in die Albinoserie hineingehört, erbrachte als erster Castle (5)// [1921]. //Ihm gelang dann weiterhin die Feststellung, daß in dem Chinchilla der Züchter zwei verschiedene Faktoren vorkommen, die Allele sind. […]\\